Why do we need implantable batteries for biomedical devices?

An advanced and safe energy storage system is needed to provide constant power to biomedical devices over an extended period [, , , ]. Hence, developing implantable batteries or SCs with superior performance is crucial for advancing IEMDs.

Can implantable batteries be wirelessly charged?

Zhang et al. introduced electromagnetic induction to realize the wireless rechargeable functions of implantable batteries. Their battery can output a stable voltage of approximately 1.75 V in an induced magnetic field. Implanted in a rat, the battery can be wirelessly charged in real time and facilitate bone regeneration by medical devices.

Are supercapacitors a viable alternative to traditional batteries in implantable medical devices?

Supercapacitors. Supercapacitors, which are characterized by rapid charge–discharge rates, high power density, and exceptional cycling stability, present a viable alternative or complement to traditional batteries in implantable medical devices.

Are implantable batteries a good choice for human-centric applications?

In recent years, a variety of implantable batteries and SCs have been proposed, demonstrating outstanding performance in human-centric applications. Batteries and SCs share a similar structure, comprising three essential components: a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolyte .

Can biobatteries replace Li-ion batteries?

Biobatteries coupling battery energy with biological activities unlock new possibilities in bioelectronics. Other rechargeable battery systems, including aqueous Zn/Na-ion batteries and metal–air batteries, also have emerged as potential successors to Li-ion batteries.

Are Zn-Mo batteries biodegradable?

In contrast, a Zn–Mo battery system exhibited exceptional biodegradability, achieving a functional lifetime of 19 days while maintaining high energy capacity and output voltage (Fig. 4 c) . Kong’s team further advanced this field by developing a transient ZIB using a cellulose aerogel–gelatin (CAG) electrolyte (Fig. 4 d).