Are 5G base stations more energy efficient than 4G BSS?

The energy consumption of 5G base stations (BSs) is significantly higher than that of 4G BSs, creating challenges for operators due to increased costs and carbon emissions. Existing solutions address this issue by switching off BSs during specific periods or forming cooperation coalitions where some BSs deactivate while others serve users.

How to evaluate a 5G energy-optimised network?

To properly examine an energy-optimised network, it is very crucial to select the most suitable EE metric for 5G networks. EE is the ratio of transmitted bits for every joule of energy expended. Therefore, while measuring it, different perspectives need to be considered such as from the network or user’s point of view.

What is a hybrid solar PV / BG energy-trading system?

A hybrid solar PV / BG energy-trading system between grid supply and BSs is introduced to resolve the utility grid’s power shortage, increase energy self-reliance, and reduce costs.

What is hybrid solar PV / wt / BG?

Given the geographical position, the hybrid solar PV / WT / BG system along with appropriate energy storage devices is an effective solution for developing green cellular connectivity. It offers a potential solution for bridging the gap between high data rates and long idle times in the 5G mobile network .

Can hierarchical reinforcement learning improve energy conservation in large-scale 5G networks?

However, these approaches often rely on fixed geographic configurations, making them unsuitable for urban areas with numerous BSs and mobile users. To tackle these challenges, we propose a hierarchical reinforcement learning (RL) framework for energy conservation in large-scale 5G networks.

What is a 5G cellular network?

5G cellular network operates on a millimetre wave spectrum i.e., between 28GHz-60GHz along with LTE. Certain unlicensed frequencies such as 3.5 GHz, 3.6 GHz and 26 GHz are also being explored for fulfilling demands of high throughput and capacity [4, 5, 6].